Gaza: die Toten nicht zählen

(zas, 15.7.24) Am 5. Juli 2024 veröffentlichte das international bekannte medizinische Fachblatt The Lancet einen kurzen Bericht zum Thema: Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential (weiter unten kopiert). Den Text verfassten Rasha Khatib, Forscherin an der Bir Zeit-Universität in der Westbank und am Aurora Research Institute in Wisconsin; Martin McKee, heute am Department for Public Health and Policy der London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medine, Mitglied des Redaktionskomitees des Israel Journal of Health; und Salim Yusuf vom Population Health Research Institute der kanadischen McMaster University. Sie kommen zum Schluss, dass wohl mindestens 186’000 Menschen infolge des Kriegs gestorben sind bzw. noch sterben werden.

Wie kommen sie auf diese Zahl?

Eingangs antworten sie anhand einsehbarer Quellen auf die permanente Infragestellung der Opferzahlen des Gesundheitsministeriums von Gaza. Sie beleuchten auch neuere Varianten dieser Versuche. Narrative, welche die enormen Zerstörungsoffensiven der IDF und die dadurch verschärften Schwierigkeiten für eine halbwegs exakte Auflistung der Opfer massiv erschweren, missbrauchen, um damit die tatsächlich schier unfassbare Opferdimension in Gaza in den Bereich des entsorgen

Auf die Zahl von 186'000 Tote kommen sie unter Berücksichtigung der alten Erkenntnis, dass auch nach Ende eines Kriegs viele Menschen an dessen indirekten Folgen wie einer Reihe von Krankheiten sterben. Sie schreiben dazu:

«Der gesamte Todeszoll wegen der Intensität des Konflikts – zerstörte Gesundheitsinfrastruktur; gravierende Mängel an Nahrung, Wasser, Unterkunft; die Unmöglichkeit für die Bevölkerung, in Schutzräume zu fliehen; und der Finanzierungsverlust für die UNRWA (…) ist erwartungsgemäss gross. In anderen Konflikten der jüngeren Zeit sind solche indirekten Todesfälle drei bis 15 mal grösser als die der direkten Todesfälle. Unter der konservativen Annahme von vier zu eines von indirekten zu direkten Todesfällen» und den berichteten 37'396 Toten ist die Schätzung von 186'000 oder sogar mehr Toten (…) nicht unwahrscheinlich.»

Dies entspräche, so die Autoren, 7.9 Prozent der Bevölkerung von Gaza 2022. Deswegen sei ein sofortiger Waffenstillstand, begleitet von grossangelegten Hilfsoperationen, unabdingbar.

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Das kurze Papier, veröffentlich in einem der international angesehensten Medizinportale, erwähnen Mainstreammedien bisher fast überhaupt nicht. Eine der superwenigen Ausnahmen war die Jerusalem Post, die im Titel gegen eine «beleidigende Angabe» hetzte, oder dezenter die New York Times, die kürzlich und superkurz das Papier zusammenfasste, um des langen «zweifelnde» Experten zu zitieren, deren «Zweifel» auf den Todeszahlen des Gaza-Gesundheitsministeriums beruhten. Eine Ausnahme von diesem bekannten Konglomerat von Verschweigen und Verwedeln stellte der Abdruck eines Artikels mit interessanten Hinweisen des linken Autors Juan Cole auf msn.com (Microsoft) dar.

Diese Desinformationspolitik ist natürlich nicht neu, sondern entspricht altem Trott (wenn Verschweigen nicht geht, dann die No-News als unglaubwürdig darstellen). Es ist immer noch beeindruckend, was etwa vor zwei Monaten mit einem anderen Warnruf geschah. In der Haaretz kommentierten damals eine Historikerin und ein Biostatistiker der Hebräischen Universität in Jerusalem auf der Basis eines Vergleichs der grauenhaften aktuellen Lage in Gaza mit jener des Nakhba 1948: «Es ist sehr fraglich, ob chronische PatientInnen den Krieg überlebt haben» (Kopie des Originalartikels und Kurzzusammenfassung auf Deutsch hier).

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Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential - The Lancet

By June 19, 2024, 37 396 people had been killed in the Gaza Strip since the attack by Hamas and the Israeli invasion in October, 2023, according to the Gaza Health Ministry, as reported by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

The Ministry's figures have been contested by the Israeli authorities, although they have been accepted as accurate by Israeli intelligence services,

the UN, and WHO. These data are supported by independent analyses, comparing changes in the number of deaths of UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) staff with those reported by the Ministry,

which found claims of data fabrication implausible.

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Collecting data is becoming increasingly difficult for the Gaza Health Ministry due to the destruction of much of the infrastructure.

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The Ministry has had to augment its usual reporting, based on people dying in its hospitals or brought in dead, with information from reliable media sources and first responders. This change has inevitably degraded the detailed data recorded previously. Consequently, the Gaza Health Ministry now reports separately the number of unidentified bodies among the total death toll. As of May 10, 2024, 30% of the 35 091 deaths were unidentified.

Some officials and news agencies have used this development, designed to improve data quality, to undermine the veracity of the data. However, the number of reported deaths is likely an underestimate. The non-governmental organisation Airwars undertakes detailed assessments of incidents in the Gaza Strip and often finds that not all names of identifiable victims are included in the Ministry's list.

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Furthermore, the UN estimates that, by Feb 29, 2024, 35% of buildings in the Gaza Strip had been destroyed,

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so the number of bodies still buried in the rubble is likely substantial, with estimates of more than 10 000.

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Armed conflicts have indirect health implications beyond the direct harm from violence. Even if the conflict ends immediately, there will continue to be many indirect deaths in the coming months and years from causes such as reproductive, communicable, and non-communicable diseases. The total death toll is expected to be large given the intensity of this conflict; destroyed health-care infrastructure; severe shortages of food, water, and shelter; the population's inability to flee to safe places; and the loss of funding to UNRWA, one of the very few humanitarian organisations still active in the Gaza Strip.

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In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death

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to the 37 396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186 000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2 375 259, this would translate to 7·9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip. A report from Feb 7, 2024, at the time when the direct death toll was 28 000, estimated that without a ceasefire there would be between 58 260 deaths (without an epidemic or escalation) and 85 750 deaths (if both occurred) by Aug 6, 2024.

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An immediate and urgent ceasefire in the Gaza Strip is essential, accompanied by measures to enable the distribution of medical supplies, food, clean water, and other resources for basic human needs. At the same time, there is a need to record the scale and nature of suffering in this conflict. Documenting the true scale is crucial for ensuring historical accountability and acknowledging the full cost of the war. It is also a legal requirement. The interim measures set out by the International Court of Justice in January, 2024, require Israel to “take effective measures to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of evidence related to allegations of acts within the scope of … the Genocide Convention”.

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The Gaza Health Ministry is the only organisation counting the dead. Furthermore, these data will be crucial for post-war recovery, restoring infrastructure, and planning humanitarian aid.

MM is a member of the editorial board of the Israel Journal of Health Policy Research and of the International Advisory Committee of the Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research. MM was co-chair of the Institute's 2016 6th International Jerusalem Conference on Health Policy, but writes in a personal capacity. He also collaborates with researchers in Israel, Palestine, and Lebanon. RK and SY declare no competing interests. The authors would like to acknowledge study team members Shofiqul Islam and Safa Noreen for their contribution to collecting and managing the data for this Correspondence.

Editorial note: The Lancet Group takes a neutral position with respect to territorial claims in published text and institutional affiliations.

This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com on July 10, 2024

References

1. 1.

o UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

Reported impact snapshot. Gaza Strip.

https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-19-june-2024

Date: June 19, 2024

Date accessed: June 21, 2024

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o Google Scholar

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